.ipynb .md .pdf

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Contents

Glaciers

Glacier Types

Climate Conditions for Glaciers

• High snowfall in winter + cool temperature in summer

• Accumulated snow transforms into firn and then ice

• In polar and alpine regions

• Sources and losses

Locations of Glaciers

The Life Cycle of a Glacier

• Snow -> granular ice -> firn -> glacial ice

• Zones of accumulation and ablation

• Glaciers in Alaska

Moraines

Pink Glacial Ice in the Alps

Glacier Observations and Modelling

• In situ and airborne survey

• Satellite observations (e.g., GRACE)

• NCAR Land Ice Working Group

• Python Glacier Evolution Model

Glacier Retreat and Sea Level Rise

• Glacier retreat

Fig. 5 The retreat of Breiðamerkurjökull and growth of Jökulsárlón glacial lake. Source: Glaciological Group of the Institute of Earth Sciences of University of Iceland.

Fig. 6 Global sea level rise. Source: Björnsson et al. (2018)

Greenland Glacier and Natural Variability

Sources

• NSIDC All About Glaciers

• Dr Mathieu Morlighem

• Melting glaciers drove ‘21% of sea level rise’ over past two decades

Permafrost Sea Ice